Emerging Issues in Cyber and Internet Law - 1308 Words

MEMO School Name To: From: CC: Date: Re: Emerging Issues in Cyber and Internet Law The internet has become an almost indispensable part of daily life, both personal and business, for most individuals. The law has struggled to keep up with changes in the society that have come as a result of the booming popularity of the internet. This memo will examine two areas: the use and legality of electronic signatures and cyber stalking. For years the standard in business contracts was the use of the handwritten signature on contracts. Advances in communication, such as the use of fax machines, still permitted the transmission of copies of handwritten signatures. However, as the internet became the standard for doing business, it became more and more commonplace for business to rely upon the electronic signature. Generally, since the 2000 passage of the Electronic Signatures in Global and International Commerce Act (ESGICA), electronic contracts and electronic signatures are just as legal and enforceable as traditional paper contracts signed in ink (Nolo, 2013). Not only does this make it easier to conduct business, but also, by reducing paperwork, has dramatically reduced costs for many businesses. Electronic contracts can be completed with electronic signatures, but are also considered valid if a user indicates acceptance in another manner, such as by clicking an I Agree button (Nolo, 2013). In addition to the ESGICA, the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act governsShow MoreRelatedPolicy Memo For White Collar Crimes1573 Words   |  7 Pagesthat led to the financial crisis has gone unpunished. II.PROPOSED EXPLANATION OF THE PROBLEM Write one (1) sentence that explains a possible cause of the problem. 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Conceptualizing a Business Free Essays

Introduction This paper will give the mission and vision statements of the Dog and Man. This is a part of strategic planning. Strategic management is defined as the set of decisions and actions that result in the formulation and implementation of plans designed to achieve a company’s objectives (Pearce Robinson, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Conceptualizing a Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whether a firm is developing a new business or reformulating direction for an ongoing business, it must determine the basic goals and philosophies that will shape its strategic posture (Pearce Robinson, 2009). Before finalizing the list of strategic issues, perform what is called a litmus test to confirm that the strategic issues identified are truly strategic (Fire Engineering, p85). This paper will define the guiding principles and give an overview of how the mission and vision statement work together with the values and objectives of the company. Mission Statement The purpose of a mission statement for a business is to endorse the meanings of the company by articulating the objectives of the business that corresponds with the product or service offered in the market place and the ultimate characteristics of the company that distinguishes the company from the competition. The Dog and Man Club is a place that will provide a clean fun and a safe environment for dogs and their owners to socialize with other dogs and owners. This club will have activities all family members that cater to the pet with keeping the family in mind. Vision Statement The vision statement of a business describes the business’s goals for the company for expansion and the prospects of the business supplying workers and consumers the things that the business is determined to accomplish. Vision statements should be created for different levels of the department (Fire Engineering, p85). The Dog and Man Club will provide services for both the pet and its owner. The pets will have a full grooming service available. The owners socialize with other owners over refreshments or book play dates for their pooch. This facility will have area designated for just the dog, dog and owner and an owner’s lounge. The lounge will cater to the complete family so that the grooming experience will be enjoyable for both pet and owner. Guiding Principles The guiding principles are viewpoints that direct a business throughout its existence in all situations, despite of alterations in its objectives, plans, and products or services. These principles define how the business will operate. This company believes that the pets and the owners should be treated like family while at the Dog and Man. A safe and healthy environment helps owners and pets to interact with others in the facility. We recognize that owners view their pets as family and this company will provide the same atmosphere for all customers. Guiding Principle #1: This is a family oriented business. Guiding Principle #2: All customers will be treated with respect. Guiding Principle #3: Conduct ourselves in a professional and ethical manner. Guiding Principle #4: Believe that the combined efforts accomplished through mutual endeavors are significant to our success. The composition of the mission and vision statement combined with the values and objectives supply the groundwork for characterizing and executing the strategic plans. These core statements give direction for a company’s strategic plan. It is imperative the statements are expressed to staff and clients to keep them informed about the business’s purpose. Communicating these statements comprise of assessment and plan development at all stages in the business. Mission Statement The mission statement of a company expresses its motivation for being in business. The mission statement entails classifying and stating what type of business a company will enter. This incorporates a study of buyer requirements and purchaser observations. A mission statement is broad and supposes to continue for an extended period of time. The statement should be short and concise. It should state the social and or political requirements that are needed to exist to meet, and identify what we do to recognize, foresee, and react to those needs. Vision The vision statement is a short affirmation of where the business wants to be in the future. The vision statement gives a picture of the business as it can be. It should be determined and well expressed. Values Values are the basic beliefs that compel company behavior and decision creation. Values demonstrate key areas to be satisfied. Most values imply how people and businesses should act in the market place. For example, a company should act with veracity, be ethical, and have respect for employee and customer. Prior to devising the values, a company should start a values review. This would include an assessment of the company’s present values. As a component of this audit, the internal and external consumer needs should be scanned, supplier prerequisites, and workforce capabilities used to supply those requirements. This scanning should take into takes into consideration any outside forces that would have an impact on the business. Objectives Objectives determine the path for the business’s process. It is the detailed quantifiable conclusion to be achieved in the detailed time boundaries. The objectives include precisely defining how the strategic objectives will be achieved, making a decision who will accomplish what and by what time, and identifying how the business will recognize who has completed what and when. When defining an organization one should maintain a clear image of the end product. An unclear image of your business can have a negative result the expectations of a company. This can limit and even hinder its growth. The mission, vision and values declarations describe the purpose and direction of the business. These statements are essential to strategic planning. This will assist the business in advancing. This will hinder and possibly eliminate certain problems due the plan of action being precise and the objective is clear. Consideration for the consumers, as an alternative of the focal point being the market place, shows that the business understands the requirements of the consumers. This will result in creating a place that a person would want to patronage. These statements produce a significant manifestation that goes further than reports and advertisements. It guarantees that business objectives are supported by the statements. This gives insight on how the business will start, the direction it want to go, and the future goals it plans to accomplish. Conclusion Conceptualizing a business begins with a plan. There are certain aspects that are important in the phase. The first is the mission and vision statements. This is the blueprint for the foundation of a company. These conceptual plans can assist a company to begin the preliminary groundwork of the business. If the plans are executed properly, this will enable the business to succeed. It will acquire time to position all the key elements. Defining the mission, vision and values statements is important to conceptualizing a business. This is the foundation for a business to succeed. How to cite Conceptualizing a Business, Papers Conceptualizing a Business Free Essays Strategic Plan, Part 1: Conceptualizing a Business Atonio Latu BUS / 475 February 10th, 2013 Sarita Wesley, Ph. D. Strategic Plan, Part 1: Conceptualizing a Business Starting a company such as TL Concrete Service requires strategic plans and the factors that will support the business development start-up stages. We will write a custom essay sample on Conceptualizing a Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now TL Concrete is a small company with five employees planning and implementing services. The company provides services on concrete drive ways, patio, and side-walks. The company offers free estimate, low cost, and 5 years guarantee on every job. It is vital for the company to seek and develop the right mission, vision, and values. These important factors will act as a road map to guide and maintain the company’s goals; customers’ satisfaction and profitability. TL Concrete mission statement will define the company’s goals. A good vision statement provides direction and purpose for the company to follow through. Core value identifies the importance of the employees and their behavior toward the company’s goals. Concrete service is a good business because people always need hard driveway surface, smooth walk way outside the house, and a patio for the outdoor activities. The company will estimate, form the foundation or the platform, pour the concrete, and remove dirt and trash afterward. It will cost more to install new surface than to replace the existing one. One of the advantages of this type of service is that concrete is pre-mix or ready mix by another service provider. The same service provider that ‘ready mix’ the cements also deliver and pour the concrete at the requested site. The cost of the cement is including in the estimate. TL Concrete future endeavor is to provide services for commercial buildings and commercial complexes. Another future plan for this company is to obtain public contract on major projects. The company’s strength relies on the experience of the employees to provide services, but also the experience of the company to conduct business. Strong relations between the company and its customers will guarantee to maintain loyal customers. The company will adjust and adapt to any future internal and external factors that will affect the company. For example, most customers are using regular cement on their driveways and walkways. Now, people are starting to use the stamping driveway which cost twice as much as the standard type. TL Concrete will provide data to those who needs surfaces because everyone else is switching to the new format. It is the company obligation to explain and provide data and explain the benefit and the disadvantage of the new products. We consider our mission statement a promise to our customers, and deliver on that promise (Bill Gates, 2013). A powerful mission statement will keep the company focus on its goal regardless of any changes occur within the business. TL Concrete Service mission statement should read,† We provide customers with the best quality concrete service at low prices since 1990†. The company ensures that these words are not created to decorate the wall plaque; these words are to get across the purpose and the objective of the company. The mission statement identify the most important idea behind the company; best quality service. The year 1990 indicated that customers trusted this company and keep it operational for these years despite the economy downturn. There were many successful concrete company operated prior to 2008, the downfall of our economy. Customers were looking for the companies that provide the best concrete service, money was no object. Customers were paying more that the regular rate to attract better services. The post 2008 changed how companies approached their customers, and how loyal customers approached these companies. Companies filed for bankruptcy and the cements manufactures raised the price of the pure cement which in turn increases the price of the concrete. A mission statement will keep TL Concrete Service to focus on generating profits and customers’ satisfaction. The vision statement is also vital to the strategy plan of the company. It reveled to the loyal customers and the potential customers the purpose and the tools used to accomplish the company tasks. I enjoy reading the Allstate Insurance because it is short and brings out the purpose of this company. Allstate vision statement reads: â€Å"to reinvent protection and retirement for the consumer† (Bright Hub, 2010). TL concrete should provide a vision statement that indicates the same purpose as the Allstate Insurance, to guarantee how the employees understand the individual tasks as well as the team work. TL Concrete vision statement should read: â€Å"To serve our loyal customers and potential customers’ thorough honesty and respect for anyone we provide service to†. The vision statement indicates the importance of the customers and strive the company to stay focus and the purpose; customers’ satisfaction. The company’s vision also generates the company values because customers deserve respect and honesty for the company. The company should have the value of doing the right thing because it is the right thing to do. This attitude generates moral value, ethical standard, and integrity. These are the basic foundation of the code of values created by TL Concrete. Moral values consist of trustworthy, loyal, and courteous. Ethical standard is doing the right thing to provide the best service available to the company and the customers. Honesty is the best policy, and integrity keeps the employees focus on the values indicated by the company. These values will earn the company’s reputation and in turn, attract more customers. The company should value the customers’ feedback and their suggestions of not only what needs to be done, but how to proceed with the work. Mission statement, vision statement and values are three important models that most successful companies accepted. These models create concepts of prospect, directions, values, and opportunities for the company and its customers. These models of strategic plan co-exists, one item cannot exist without the others. I believe there are companies that do not have vision statement. Kevin Clancy, a marketing researcher wrote, â€Å"A few people around the table began to describe the brand’s global positioning strategy, but it had nothing to do with what we would call a vision. It was not even much of a positioning. Eventually a manager from England asked, â€Å"What do you mean by ‘vision’? †(Clancy, 2012). A vision statement brings hope, dreams, and the reason to stay operational. Mission, Vision, and value each presented different meaning to the company’s goals. Mission is the goal, vision is the purpose, and value is what takes to accomplish the goals. References Bright Hub. (12/2010). The hub for the bright minds. Retrieved from http://www. brighthub. com Kevin J. Clancy. (2012). Shocking Truth of the Month. Retrieved from http://www. thekevinclancy. com Microsoft Accessibility. (2013). Mission. Retrieved from http://www. microsoft. com/enable/microsoft/mission. aspx How to cite Conceptualizing a Business, Essay examples

Poststructuralism and Critical Theory - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Poststructuralism and Critical Theory. Answer: Introduction: Working with children is a crucial and precarious job. The children possess an impressionable mind at their tender age, which makes it easy as well as a tad difficult for the teachers to impart the correct method and type of education. There are many theories that come into consideration while working with children. One of the most significant theories that can be considered while taking into consideration the aspect of the learning of children is the Sociocultural theory. The impact of the socio-cultural perspectives on a child is extremely important. It Management shapes and molds the thought process and impression of a child. The social interaction of the family with the child is crucial in shaping his future. According to McInerney and McInerney, children are surrounded by their culture that is reflected by language, tools and social structures (Arthur et al., 2015). It decides the course of the cognitive development in the child. According to the theorists, the cultural groups e volve with the help of the collective activity of the members of a particular social group. The cultural group that a child grows up in is crucial for the development of the child. Sociocultural theorist, Rogoff, highlights the importance of the role that families play in structuring the identity and the thought process of a child. With participating in the community and family life, children increase their store of knowledge. The sociocultural theory dares us to evaluate our assumptions and ideas about age-old practices of early childhood practice to analyse the relevance of the lessons. The postmodernism and poststructuralism theories often co-exist together. Postmodern views identify the changes that exist and are brought about in the society whereas poststructuralism identifies the changes that are evident in individuals in the society. These views are necessary to assess the development of a child. These two perspectives explain the importance of community and family in the growth and development of a child. The focus is mainly on the habitus, social field, social capital and discourse (Arthur et al., 2015). The other theories that can be drawn on that provide new insights are Management poststructuralism and postmodernism. Poststructuralism classifies the world on the basis of structures. These structures are applicable to all individuals. The poststructural views address the issues of the relationship between the adults, the child and the cultural context that they share. The change or the transformation for each individuals are identified using the poststructuralism perspectives. Postmodernism views investigates the modern perspectives of the notion of the dichotomies like inappropriate and appropriate behaviour. According to the theory, there are many versions of truths and many views of the world and various ways and patterns of behaving and learning. The postmodern theorists challenge the assumptions and concepts like developmental psychology and strive to work for the development and expansion of the range of viewpoints that are possible for the education of a child (Arthur et al. , 2015). I think it is important to have an understanding of contemporary perspectives of the learning of children. It is so because it is needed to engage in reflective practice, change and cultural action. It is important to understand the significance of cultural context in the learning of children. It is important to revere the variety and focus solely on social justice and equity. It is important to build an effective partnership with the parents and communities of the children for the better growth and development of the child. It is important to build relationships and mutual environment of learning, focus on the learning process, provide a meaningful curriculum that is helpful for the children and document the learning of the children so that the strengths and weaknesses are demarcated clearly. Curriculum approaches and pedagogies Broadly defined, the term curriculum defines everything that happens throughout the day. The subjects comprising a course in an educational institution like schools and colleges. Curriculum includes what is planned and what is intended to be taught to the children. It also includes planned, unplanned, spontaneous interactions and experiences (Arthur et al., 2015). The curriculum approaches are the approaches that a curriculum follows in a particular educational institution. There are many combinations of curriculum approaches that exist which are as follows: Adult-centred approach and child-centred approach Segregated approach and integrated approach Individual developmental approach and community learners approach Predetermined approach and emergent approach Transmission approach and constructivist approach Old basics approach and new basics approach Exclusive approach and inclusive approach Monocultural and monolingual approach and multicultural and multilingual approach Conformative approach and transformative approach Single intelligence approach and multiple Management intelligence approach The term pedagogy refers to the practice and method of teaching an academic or a theoretical concept. Pedagogies are the processes and actions that the educators or the teachers organise and implement. They impart the philosophy and approaches using the method. They transform the curriculum into practice (Arthur et al., 2015). It is important to have an understanding of the concepts because, the education, growth and development of a child is an important aspect. The development of a child is a precarious path. It takes into account a variety of approaches and theories to make a child grow up successfully. Therefore, it is important to have an understanding of these concepts. An authentic assessment of the learning of children in the workplace can be done by assessing the tasks and assignments completed by students. Authentic assessment is conducted through respectful, supportive and meaningful interactions between the students and the teacher. An authentic assessment offers an analysis of the descriptive information about the learning of the children. How will you use your documentation within your curriculum planning and implementation? The use of documentation in the process of curriculum planning and implementation is an important aspect. Educators or teachers should reflect on their own pedagogical practices and principles. The factors that have to be kept in mind while documentation are: the knowledge, interest and the disposition of the children. the progress of the children. problems faced by the children in grasping the lessons evidence of learning process effectiveness of teaching strategies References: Arthur, L., Breecher, B., Death, E., Dockett, S. and Farmer, S. (2015). Programming and Planning in early childhood settings. 6th ed. Cengage Learning, pp.1-35, 207-256, 257-312. Tyler, R.W., 2013.Basic principles of curriculum and instruction. University of Chicago press. Van Lier, L., 2014.Interaction in the language curriculum: Awareness, autonomy and authenticity. Routledge. McLaren, P., 2015.Life in schools: An introduction to critical pedagogy in the foundations of education. Routledge. Van Manen, M., 2016.The tone of teaching: The language of pedagogy. Routledge. Squires, D. A. (2014). A Balanced Curriculum Approach for Educational Leaders.Educational Leadership Management : Perspectives on Preparation and Practice, 245. Parkay, F.W., Anctil, E.J. and Hass, G., 2014.Curriculum leadership: Readings for developing quality educational programs. Prentice Hall. Beane, J.A., 2016.Curriculum integration: Designing the core of democratic education. Teachers College Press. Young, M., 2013. Overcoming the crisis in curriculum theory: a knowledge-based approach.Journal of curriculum studies,45(2), pp.101-118. Lantolf, J.P., Thorne, S.L. and Poehner, M.E., 2015. Sociocultural theory and second language development.Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction, pp.207-226. Scott, S. and Palincsar, A., 2013. Sociocultural theory.The Gale Group, Inc. Dickens, D.R. and Fontana, A., 2015.Postmodernism and social inquiry. Routledge. Williams, J., 2014.Understanding poststructuralism. Routledge. Hanssen, B., 2014.Critique of violence: between poststructuralism and critical theory. Routledge.

You might remember the heroic role that newly

You might remember the heroic role that newly-inve Essay nted radar played in the Second World War. People hailed it then as Our Miracle Ally. But even in its earliest years, as it was helping win the war, radar proved to be more than an expert enemy locator. Radar technicians, doodling away in their idle moments, found that they could focus a radar beam on a marshmallow and toast it. They also popped popcorn with it. Such was the beginning of microwave cooking. The very same energy that warned the British of the German Luftwaffe invasion and that policemen employ to pinch speeding motorists, is what many of us now have in our kitchens. Its the same as what carries long distance phone calls and cablevision. Hitlers army had its own version of radar, using radio waves. But the trouble with radio waves is that their long wavelength requires a large, cumbersome antenna to focus them into a narrow radar beam. The British showed that microwaves, with their short wavelength, could be focussed ina narrow beam with an antenna many times smaller. T his enabled them to make more effective use of radar since an antenna could be carried on aircraft, ships and mobile ground stations.This characteristic of microwaves, the efficiency with which they are concentrated in a narrow beam, is one reason why they can be used in cooking. You can produce a high-powered microwave beam in a small oven, but you cant do the same with radio waves, which are simply too long.Microwaves and their Use The idea of cooking with radiation may seem like a fairly new one, but in fact it reaches back thousands of years. Ever since mastering fire, man has cooked with infrared radiation, a close kin of the microwave.Infrared rays are what give you that warm glow when you put your hand near a room radiator or a hotplate or a campfire. Infrared rays, flowing from the sun and striking the atmosphere, make the Earth warm and habitable. In a conventional gas or electric oven, infrared waves pour off the hot elements or burners and are converted to heat when they strike air inside and the food. Microwaves and infrared rays are related in that both are forms of electromagnetic energy. Both consist of electric and magnetic fields that rise and fall like waves on an ocean. Silently, invisibly and at the speed of light, they travel through space and matter. There are many forms of electromagnetic energy (see diagram). Ordinary light from the sun is one, and the only one you can actually see. X-rays are another. Each kind, moving at a separate wavelength, has a unique effect on any matter it touches. When you lie out in the summer sun, for example, its the infrared rays that bring warmth, but ultraviolet radiation that tans your skin. If the Earths protective atmosphere werent there, intense cosmic radiation from space would kill you.So why do microwaves cook faster than infrared rays?Well, suppose youre roasting a chicken in a radar range. What happens is that when you switch on the microwaves, theyre absorbed only by water molecules in the chic ken. Water is what chemists call a polar molecule. It has a slightly positive charge at one end and a slightly negative charge at the opposite end. This peculiar orientation provides a sort of handle for the microwaves to grab onto. The microwaves agitate the water molecules billions of times a second, and this rapid movement generates heat and cooks the food.Since microwaves agitate only water molecules, they pass through all other molecules and penetrate deep into the chicken. They reach right inside the food. Ordinary ovens, by contrast, fail to have the same penetrating power because their infrared waves agitate all molecules. Most of the infarred radiation is spent heating the air inside the oven, and any remaining rays are absorbed by the outer layer of the chicken. Food cooks in an ordinary oven as the heat from the air and the outer layer of the food slowly seeps down to the inner layers. In short, oven microwaves cook the outside of the chicken at the same time as they cook the inside. Infrared energy cook from the outside in a slower process.This explains why preheating is necessary in a conventional oven. The air inside must be lifted to a certain temperature by the infrared rays before it can heat the food properly.. It also explains why infrared ovens brown food and microwave ovensdont. Bread turns crusty and chicken crispy in a infrared oven simply because their outside gets much hotter than their interior. Finally, as anyone who owns a microwave oven knows, you never put an empty container inside a radar range. Since nonpolar materials such as plastic and glass dont warm up in the presence of microwaves, there will be nothing in the oven to absorb the radiation. Instead, it will bounce back and forth against the walls of the oven, creating an electrical arc that may burn a hole in the oven.This hushed energy, electromagnetic radiation, flows all around us. All forms of matter, even your own body, produce electromagnetism microwaves, x-rays, unt raviolet rays. It may interest you to know that whereas the human eye is sensitive to light radiation, the eye of the snake can sense infrared. Your body emits infrared radiation day and night, so snakes can see you even when you cant see them. Though weak microwaves exist naturally, scientists didnt invent devices that harnass them for useful purposes until the 1930s. In a radar range, the device from which microwaves emanate is a small vacuum tube, called a magnetron. A magnetron takes electrical energy from an ordinary household outlet and uses it to push electrons in its core so that they oscillate fast enough to give off microwaves. These are then relayed by a small antenna to a hollow tube, called a waveguide, which channels the microwaves to a fanlike stirrer that scatters them around the ovens interior. They bounce off the oven walls and are absorbed by water molecules in the food. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that our exposure to electromagnetic radiat ion increases by several percent a year. Look around you. The modern landscape fairly bristles with microwave dishes and antennae. Here again, in telecommuncations, it is the convenience with which microwaves can be focused in a narrow beam, that makes them so useful. Microwave dishes can be hundreds of times smaller than radio wave dishes.Industry employs microwaves heat in many ways to dry paints, bond plywood, roast coffee beans, kill weeds and insects, and cure rubber. Microwaves trigger garage door openers and burglar alarms. The new cellular car phone is a microwave instrument. Microwaves and Your Body Not surprisingly, as high-powered microwaves have proliferated in the atmosphere and the workplace, a passionate debate has grown over the pontential danger they pose to human health. But that is a topic for another article. For the moment, scientists at the University of Guelph have recently reported using microwaves to raise chickens. Housed in a large oven-like enclosure, yo ung chicks keep warm under a slow drizzle of radiation. So far, the chicks seem to like their home in the range. Theyve even learned to turn on the microwaves whenever they feel cold. A similar scheme for heating human beings has actually been proposed by a scientist from Harvard University. Equipping buildings with microwave radiators would cut energy costs, he says, since microwaves heat people and not the surrounding air. Just set the thermostat dial to rare, medium or well done! Some researchers are concerned that people who work with microwave equipment are absorbing low levels of radiation that may prove harmful over the long term. One line of experiments has shown that uncoiled DNA molecules in a test tube can absorb microwave energy. The unravelled DNA chains resonate to the microwaves in the same way that a violin string vibrates when plucked. The question this raises is this: does microwave radiation vibrate coiled DNA in the human body, and if so, is this vibration strong enough to knock off vital molecules from the chain? 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Culture identity essays

Culture identity essays Many people go to different countries. Some of them go for school, some others go for business and some others go for living. However, some people adapt well to a new environment and others retain their original culture identity. I think adapting to a new culture or environment depends on three main reasons: background culture, where they stay, and their personality. The first reason is the background culture of people. There are many people who don't like their own culture or environment. They try to run away or change their culture. Therefore, it would be easier for those people to adapt to a new culture or environment. For example, many Russian people especially businessmen don't like the business system in their country. Their system is Communism, which means that the government controls all the production and distribution of goods. Therefore, when many Russian people go to a new environment or new culture, the United States for instance, they find it better than their country because it has a different system. The United States' system is Capitalism, which means that any person can be a private ownership. Therefore, it may be easier for those people to adapt a new culture or a new environment. For example, in "The Plane Reservation," Massud Farzan states that he has stayed in the United States for a long time before he visited his family in Iran. When he arrived in Iran, he found a lot of changes. It can be understood that the writer didn't like his country and his culture before he left to the United States. When he lived in the United States, he found the right place for him that made it very easy for him to adapt to the American culture. Therefore, the background culture of people has a lot of effects on adapting to a new culture. The second reason might be where people stay the most. Some people think that when a person lives in a new culture, he or she can easily adapt to the new culture. Howe ...

The Truth About Online Plagiarism Checkers

The Truth About Online Plagiarism Checkers The Goal We decided to study three important questions: Are online tools safe? Are user privacy, data protection, intellectual property, and licensing of the content concerned? Does the free option hide any unexpected features? Is such software as reliable and helpful as advertised? How the Websites Have Been Selected First of all, we googled such keywords as plagiarism detection, plagiarism test, free plagiarism tools, plagiarism checkers, duplicate text search, plagiarism software, plagiarism scanner, etc. After that, we checked available reviews of online plagiarism services and added them to the list. We tested selected tools using free option, without registration, and removed services that didnt work. Finally, we had a list of 32 websites. How We Tested the Websites For each of the websites, we checked such sections as Disclaimers, Terms of Service, FAQ, Support Forums, Privacy Policy, and Warnings. We searched for information on licensing, use of submitted content, data protection, service location and governing laws, and liability limitations. We also compared the information on country location available on the website and information from the WHOIS database. We even visited professional forums and social media to confirm some data on the location of the service. Results According to results of our research, 25% of online plagiarism checkers save submitted content. 28% of such websites claim that they dont save the content, and for 44% its impossible to determine whether or not they save the content. 13% of websites admit that they use the submitted content for their own purposes (either commercial or non-commercial). For 54%, its impossible to determine whether they use the content or not. 31% of websites claim that they dont use the saved content. 34% of the websites are located in countries with proper laws regarding intellectual theft and copyright (USA, Germany, Australia, Hong-Kong, UK, Cyprus). 25% of the services are located in countries with weak legal protection (Ukraine, Pakistan, Russia). For 41% of the websites, we were unable to determine the location. Final Thoughts Many students, bloggers, teachers, and writers use online plagiarism services every day. According to the results of our research, the use of such services sometimes is very risky, because the submitted content can be unprotected against copyright violations. Most of the free online services dont provide users with clear information on what they do with the submitted content, and how they use it. Some services publish the submitted content as their own and use it in any way they want. However, such services want a stream of fresh content for a reason. They dont have many sources to determine whether or not a certain text is original. Thus, some complicated services use the submitted content to improve the effectiveness of their work. At the same time, such a use of the content creates an opportunity to steal the content. The Privacy Policies and the Terms of Use may be changed anytime, so users cannot rely on claims of such websites. The submitted content may be used for so-called content spinning software, which uses the original content to create many paraphrased copies of texts on the same topic. We can conclude that writers and students who use online plagiarism checkers risk giving their content to the content spinning software. We suggest not using online plagiarism checking websites. You can copy and paste sentences from your text into a search box of any search engine, and it will work just like plagiarism checkers, or even better. Do Online Plagiarism Detectors Work Honestly? You may have heard that there is nothing new under the sun. However, almost all colleges, universities, and MBA schools want their students to write an original content that will have nothing in common with works written before. Plagiarism isnt a new thing – even Shakespeare borrowed almost all his ideas from other sources, but the internet has raised plagiarism to a completely new level. Professors dont like when students steal their works from the internet. Given the large class sizes and fast pace of work, teachers dont have much time to consider each student individually, trying to figure out whether he or she have plagiarized the work or not. Plagiarism checkers are a perfect solution in such conditions; they allow teachers to check many papers fast and easily. Most plagiarism checkers compare texts to the available web pages, and already-uploaded texts (most teachers require all their students to use such online services). After that, plagiarism checkers provide users with an analysis of the content, taking into account the percentage of text that has been found in other sources. Such a method includes many drawbacks. For example, students may use quotes from various sources. Even if all the citations are written according to necessary standards, plagiarism checkers will flag these elements as plagiarized. Thus, if students have analytical papers assigned, and their works include many quotes from Shakespeare or Dickens, they can be accused of plagiarizing the content, even if they followed all the quotation rules. Another common problem related to the use of online plagiarism detectors is that many students use some common, trivial phrases, such as its easier said than done, in the heat of the moment, and so on. Of course, good academic writing implies avoiding such constructions, but the use of common phrases itself isnt plagiarizing. At the same time, some students just change the wording without changing the content, and their texts may pass plagiarism check because such algorithms are unable to detect paraphrasing. Computers are able to consider words and phrases, but not the meaning of the text. Plagiarism software also has its ethical side. Professors rely on online checkers instead of doing their job and checking all papers manually. Some students may not understand the concept of plagiarism. For example, why citing their textbook is considered plagiarism, while quotes from Shakespeare are not. Students from some foreign countries may even consider citing their professor as a form of respect. Thats why telling students what exactly is considered plagiarism, and providing them with examples is necessary. Professors have to create an environment that will motivate students to avoid plagiarism. They have to spend more time with students, helping them with assignments and learning each students writing style. Understanding capabilities of each student, teachers will be able to easily understand whether or not their content was plagiarized. Professors also have to figure out why certain texts are flagged as plagiarism and check if citations are written properly. Usually, common assignments produce more positive results, because students use citations from reliable sources and familiar ideas. Unique assignments are much more difficult for students because they are not sure where to find the information. Their citations may be formatted incorrect, which in turn, will cause a bad originality percentage for such a work. Finally, another problem with plagiarism checkers is that they add certain tension between students and professors, minimizing the trust. When students hear long speeches about how their papers will be checked for plagiarism, it doesnt motivate them to follow the honor code. In our opinion, professors must remember that policing their students isnt their main goal. Plagiarism checkers do their job, but they cannot solve such real problems as weak students skills and drawbacks of the educational system.

Guide Lines for Selecting a Career Personal Statement

Guide Lines for Selecting a Career - Personal Statement Example Career choice is one of the most important decisions in anyone's life, and yet countless young people enter careers that later prove to be wholly unsuitable. Even today most young people have no way to find out if a particular career would really suit them. Decisions that are central to future happiness and success are therefore very often being taken in the dark. Hence young people can take advice from older people in their family or can look at examples; that is people who have achieved success in their desired career. It also happens that halfway through their career people realize this was never meant for them. All this is part of life but there are also people who successfully achieve their target careers and are successful in them. Its necessary to adopt a career that u have an interest in. The reason being that a person who selects a career of his interest is more dedicated to his profession. One of the greatest misfortunes in life is to be superior at something you don't like. You may be skillful in mathematics, but you may hate it. You may be proficient public relations communicator, busy interacting with people every minute of the day but my love life of isolation and meditation. In order to be able to select the right career, one has to reflect, analyze, know one's inner self, and be able to clearly differentiate between what one is good at (proficiency, competence) and what you like and want to do in life (interests, principles). The first thing to do is to build up a concept of the person you would like to be. Let your personal sense of right and wrong be your guide and resist enticement and pressures from elders and peers. Choosing a job you like which is not in clash with your values and lets you apprehend your full individuality and creative potential will enable you to achieve a sense of completion. It is recommended to interact with career counselors and in par ticular near and dear ones such as parents and peers, and elders, and taking their suggestions. Read some good books on career guidance and take a few career tests. A person can either visit a career counselor or psychologist who will administer relevant tests to him/her. Or try online tests. The role of my father's firm is to manufacture and sell electric generators. In reference to the work, I can adopt two educational lines in the future that can help me become the head of the firm. The first one is of getting a degree in Electrical Engineering and the second option is doing a Masters in Business Administration. After studying both critically the first option is not as agreeable and suitable as the second one. The second option can give me a better all-round knowledge about how to run an organization, which things to check and how to manage the resources. The first option restricts me to the technicality of the job. Having talked about this I will come to my college and high school responsibilities. I will have an open choice until my high school in the matter of my professional career, but things will start to take a certain direction as I enter my college. From my college, my aim towards my professional goal would start to clear up and I will start to go in details o f managing a business.  

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Interview - Essay Example Adding to it was the way they are formulated in different forms like Tablets, Capsules, Syrups, Injectables, and so on. I always questioned the Doctors, Pharmacists, and my parents about this wonderful land of remedies, to calm the wondering mind full of artistic science. In today’s world, which is rightly turning into a global village, information is easily accessible. Information on drugs in public domain has impacted numerous facets of medicine usage and patient safety. As a responsible citizen, a pharmacist certainly adds significant value to educate and alert the patients about the outcomes of drug therapy programs. I like Science, and have a passion to help people. Being good at management, I prefer engaged with a job that gives opportunity to interact with people on a regular basis. It gives quite a flexible career and tremendous job openings, where one has an opportunity to pursue a diverse career as Hospital pharmacist, Community Pharmacist, Primary care specialist, a dvisor, and an industrial or academic pharmacist. To me, Pharmacy has been academically challenging, even more than the medicine courses. As mentioned earlier, it is getting more interesting with recent developments in drug discovery sciences, and I would like to be a part of this important journey. The ultimate goal for me is to improve the quality of life by contributing actively to the society as whole, and I believe, it is a logical step to achieve this by pursuing a career in Pharmacy. Pharmacy is changing at a rapid pace, which has thrown open new challenges and opportunities for the budding potential pharmacists. The demands of specialist care within hospital, the increasing complexity of drug therapy regime have resulted in innovative business models that has made Hospital pharmacy vital. It is required to stretch the limits of pharmacy practice, for a better patient management. Today, the role of the pharmacist in

Meditation Essay Example for Free

Meditation Essay Meditation Sit as you wish on a chair or on the floor with your back straight. Turn the palms of your hands up Close your eyes. Take a deep breath, inhaling through your nose and exhaling from your mouth. With each breath, in and out, release the tension in your body more and more. Smile, and imagine each organ in your body, in turn, smiling back at you. Think of what you have to be grateful for in your life. Now start visualizing a fluid white light entering your body through your feet and moving slowly pward, toes to feet to ankles, legs to thighs and hips saying to yourself I open myself to the light, to the teacher within and without or I honor the divinity that resides within me. Continue to visualize the light rising, filling every inch, every muscle- hips to waist, belly, back, shoulders lingering everywhere you feel tension or pain -your arms, elbows, hands and fingers. Feel the light move up, neck to chin, to lips, eyes, forehead and hair. Now see how your entire body glows with white light. See a spark of that light leave your body through the top of your head. You are that spark of light. See that spark of light you flying high to the sky, to the clouds. Repeat I open myself to the light, to the teacher within and without or I honor the divinity that resides within me. Continue to fly, higher and higher, until you are in a magical place, unseen before, a place of beauty almost beyond imagining. Colors so vibrant they seem unreal, lakes, mountains, waterfalls, flowers, birds and butterflies and unicorns, fanciful creatures of all kinds. Create your imaginary garden, your magical place you will always go to. Here everything is peaceful, and everything possible. When a thought comes to mind Just focus on your breath or repeat and let the thought go like clouds in the sky. Be gentle with yourself. Imagine now a bright white light shining down upon you, reflecting and intensifying your own light giving you unconditional love. Love as you have never known it before. Rest in this place. Rest here, and magic will happen. When it feels right, begin the return to your body n the same way you left it slowly, until you are ready to end your meditation. But before you end it, visualize your body filled with light, enter it and stay with for a few minutes. Then, with your hands in prayer position, lift them to your forehead to remind yourself to be aware of your thoughts. Drop them to your lips to remind yourself to be conscious of your words. Drop them to your heart to remind yourself to be conscious of your actions. And last, bow to yourself to honor the master within you You are saluting the God By satharmk

Defining Abnormality Essay -- Papers

Defining Abnormality One way of defining abnormality is in terms of characteristics or behaviours that are statistically infrequent (the deviation from statistical norms definition). However, this does not take into account the desirability of a characteristic or behaviour. The definition also fails to recognise that in all cultures large numbers of people may engage in behaviours that constitute mental disorders. A further problem is the failure to identify how far a person must deviate before being ‘abnormal’. Such decisions are difficult to make and then consequently justify. The deviation from ideal mental health definition proposes that abnormal people do not possess characteristics that mental healthy people do, or possess characteristics that mentally healthy people do not. This particular definition relies on value judgements about what constitutes ideal mental health. It is also bound by culture, era-dependent, and limited by the context in which behaviour occurs. Abnormality has also been defined as a failure to function adequately (by not achieving some sense of personal well-being and making some contribution to a larger social group). Experiencing personal distress or discomfort, causing distress to others, and behaving in an unexpected or bizarre manner are often the reasons why people come to the attention of psychologists. Many consider the failure to function adequately definition as being the most useful single approach, and the one clo... ...ly rational, and reflect accurately the unfortunate circumstances in which a person is living. Attempts to put the blame on to the patient may inhibit efforts to produce desirable behaviour. Each of the models explain the origins of abnormality in different ways. However, these models are not necessarily mutually exclusive, since each is effectively examining a different aspect of the individual. The biological model observes that learned behaviour can be maladaptive whilst the cognitive model claims that thoughts can be irrational and therefore also maladaptive. The behaviourist model states that abnormal behaviour is learnt in the same way as other types of behaviour through stimulus-response mechanisms and operant conditioning. Each of the models is subject to certain practical and ethical considerations also.

Statistics and Difference

BIO 2003 SUMMATIVE ASSIGNMENT 2 Introduction: The report analyses the result of a study on workers from brick and tile industries conducted by the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL). HSL put down few criteria’s to the workers which being that neither of the workers from the tiles and brick industries should have worked in both the industries and that they did not smoke. The criteria’s put across was an assurance to attain reliable results.The essence of the study lies in detecting any difference in the health of the workers in these industries (as identified by cell damage) if any and also to determine if any relationship exists between the length of service and the recorded health effect. The Null Hypothesis (Ho) states that no difference in the median between the percentage-damaged cells of the workers from the brick and tile industries is observed. Null Hypothesis for the correlation study also states that there is no correlation between the health effects of the wor kers and the time period they have worked in the industries.Nonetheless the Alternative Hypothesis (H1) states that the median percentage of damaged cell of the workers in the brick industry is different when compared to the median percentage of damaged cells of workers of both the operations. H1 for the correlation study states that correlation exists between the time period the workers have worked in the industry and their health effects. Analysis will be carried out with the help of the following 5 samples: * Worker ID * Age * Department * Length of service * Percentage of cell damage The above samples are independent within and also between each other.To obtain an accurate analysis of the data, the normality, box plot and straight-line relationship and independence of the statistical analysis will be checked. The Null or Alternative Hypothesis will be accepted or rejected on the basis of a statistical analysis, which will be used to analyse the median percentage of damaged cells got from the brick and tile operations. Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of brick and tile operation workers percentage damaged cells Variable| N| N*| Mean| SE Mean | St: Dev. | Minimum| Q1| Median| Q3| Maximum| % Damaged cells of Tile operation| 27| 0| 1. 337 | 0. 210 | 1. 090 | 0. 200 | 0. 600 | 1. 00| 1. 500 | 4. 700| % Damaged cells of Brick operation | 38| 0| 1. 532 | 0. 179 | 1. 106 | 0. 200 | 0. 536 | 1. 370| 2. 189 | 4. 562| Table 1 gives a descriptive data of the workers of the respective industries. As seen in the table above the % of damaged cells of the workers in the brick industry is higher when compared with the tile operation workers. The median percentage of brick industry workers is 1. 370 which is higher as compared to the brick operation workers which is 1. 100. The inter-quartile range which being the difference between Q3 and Q1 is higher for the brick operation compared to that of the tile.Figure 1:Box plot displaying %damage of cell in workers from both tile and brick industries. The figure above shows that the percentage-damaged cell for tile operators is lower when compared with the brick operators indicating a difference in the mean and median. Figure 1 shows a difference in the health hazard of the tile and brick workers. There is evidence of skewness in the distribution of brick operators whereas the tile distribution is symmetric, as the median line for the brick operators has shifted away from the centre.The % cell damage in workers of the tile operation is closely grouped apart from the 2 extreme outliers when compared to the % cell damage of the brick workers, which is quite wide. For the above box plot the need for a further analysis is to be carried out as the hypothesis cannot either be accepted neither rejected since the box plot only denotes statistical measures (mean, median, Q1, Q3, max & min values) which are not ample to prove the difference between the two sites. Figure 2: Histogram of the Tile and Brick operation dat a The % of damaged cells of the brick operation is higher when compared to the tile operation.This is concluded from the histogram above which exhibits that the bar values which is the % damaged cells for brick operation is higher than the bar value of the tile operation. We have used a histogram, as it is one of the important tools for a data analysis. Figure 3:The Test For Equal Variance. The values of the estimated equal variances show no difference in the % cell damage of the workers from the brick and tile operations’-value obtained from the Levene’s Test is 0. 200 which is also higher than 0. 05 implies that the hypothesis of difference cannot be rejected.The value of the F-Test is 0. 952 which being higher than 0. 05 shows also shows no signs that the null hypothesis (H0) should be rejected and also that there is no difference between %cell damage of workers from brick and tile operations. The obtained values from the test for equal variance point out to an abno rmal distribution of data stating the acceptance of the null hypothesis. Hence no clear evidence of a difference in the median among the % damaged cells in the workers of both the operations. Figure 4:Normal Distribution Graph For Brick And Tile Operation.Figure 4 illustrates a normal distribution graph for tile and brick operations. The figure above shows that the %damaged cells of brick and tile operations are not uniformly distributed, as the points are not scattered about a straight line. There is evidence that the residuals followed a skewed distribution and it can also be seen that the above graph does not follow any trend or pattern. The is no convincing evidence to reject the null hypothesis (H0) as the P-Value is lower than 0. 05 in Fig4. From the above facts it may be concluded that the residuals do not follow a normal distribution.A MANN WHITNEY TEST will be used to statistically analyse the data as the %damaged cells of workers in the tile operation shows that the data i s not normally distributed since the P-Value is lower than 0. 05 and also that the plots on the graph so no route any precise trend. MANN WHITNEY TEST Results & CI Of Tile & Brick Manufacturing Operations Table 2:illuminates the number of samples used in the Mann Whitney test and the obtained median for data of brick and tile manufacturing operations Sample type| Number of sample| Median| Tile | 27| 1. 100|Brick| 38| 1. 370| Point estimate for ETA1-ETA2 is 0. 200 95. 0% CI for ETA1-ETA2 is (-0. 323, 0. 800) W = 1319. 0 Test of ETA1 = ETA2 vs. ETA1 not = ETA2 is significant at 0. 3905 The test is significant at 0. 3903 (adjusted for ties). The results shows a confidence interval of 95% between 0. 323 and 0. 800 in the %damaged cells of workers In the brick and tile operations. Contrariwise the difference in the median is 0. 200(estimated), which means that 0. 200%(approximately) more % of damaged cells in workers of the brick operations than those of the tile operations.A 100% certai n analysis cannot be proven as the confidence interval (CI) is only 95%, hence creating a need for more data in order to achieve a 100% certain analysis. An analyses of results obtained shows the P-value got from the Mann-Whitney test was 0. 3905. Since the P-value is higher than 0. 05 it indicated no evidence to reject the null hypothesis of no differences. Therefore it can be concluded that there is no convincing evidence of difference in the median between %damaged cells of workers in the 2 operations. Conclusion:A use of various graphs and descriptive statistics were used and inferred to decide if there were any differences in the health of the workers of the 2 operations. The Mann Whitney U test was considered to find the difference in the %-damaged cells of the tile and brick operation workers. A conclusion may be drawn from the these analyses that there is scarce evidence to suggest that there is noteworthy difference in the % damaged cells in workers of tile and brick operat ions. Question: 2 Table 3: Paired T-test and 95% CI to determine if the data of % damaged cells and length of service of workers in two operations is paired. N| Mean| StDev| SE Mean| % Damaged cells| 65| 1. 451 | 1. 095| 0. 136| length of service (years | 65| 8. 995 | 7. 349| 0. 912| Difference| 65| -7. 544 | 6. 964| 0. 864| 95% CI for mean difference: (-9. 270, -5. 819) T-Test of mean difference = 0 (Vs. not = 0): T-Value = -8. 73 P-Value = 0. 000 The table shows the T-test and the P-value got is >0. 05 stating no convincing evidence to reject null hypothesis of no differences. It may be concluded that the data is paired since the P-value is 0. 000. A scatter plot may also be used to test the relationship between the two samples.Figure5: A scatter plot showing the correlation between the % of cells damaged with a regression line and the length of service in years. The predicted value for Regression is 17. 4%, which states the 17. 4% of the variability in the data is represented by the regression model. This cannot be used to get future values as the predictive value itself is very low. Pearson’s correlation needs to be conducted since the above scatter plot shows a minor positive association between the % damaged cells and the length of the service, but the damage of the cells in the future cannot be predicted.Pearson’s Correlation results: Difference 65 -7. 544 6. 964 0. 864 95% CI for mean difference: (-9. 270, -5. 819) T-Test of mean difference = 0 (vs. not = 0): T-Value = -8. 73 P-Value = 0. 000 Pearson correlation of length of service (years) and % damaged cells = 0. 417 P-Value = 0. 001. The association between the length of service and %damaged cells of the tile and brick operations cannot be accepted since the values from Pearson’s Correlation is 0. 417which is higher than 0. 400. Therefore a regression fitted line will be used to forecast the future data.The P-value is 0. 001 which being less than 0. 05 does not prove to be a con vincing evidence to reject null hypothesis (H0) of no differences. Hence a conclusion may be drawn stating a difference in the length of services and the % damaged cells of workers from both the operations. Hence a regression fitted line plot will be used to predict future values. Further Analysis: Figure6:shows the data between the %damaged cells and the age of workers as well as the regression line. The scatter plot above shows that there is a moderate positive correlation between the age and the % damaged cells.Therefore a Pearson’s correlation will be conducted. Pearson correlation of age (years) and % damaged cells = 0. 251 P-Value = 0. 044 The P value is 0. 044 which is less than 0. 05, this means that the null hypothesis must be rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted that there is not sufficient evidence available to say that there is a correlation. Conclusion: The data was analysed using descriptive statistics, various graphs, Pearson’s correlation and regression fitted line plot to find association between the % damaged cell and length of service in tile and brick operations.The results concluded that there is no association between the % of damaged cells and their length of service. However there was a positive correlation which was observed between the % of damaged cells and age of workers in both operations. This suggested that it is the age which is the cause of damage and not the dust. The first test carried out, concluded that there is no genuine difference between the health hazard of the worker at the tile and brick operation.The second test concluded that there is little relationship between the workers health and the length of their service. Since the R-sq value was only 17. 4%, the extent of damage cannot be predicted by the length of employment. Overall conclusion: It can be concluded that there is insignificant difference in the percentage damaged cells in the workers of tile and brick operations. It can also be concluded that age of workers and not the length of exposure to the dust in brick or tile operations increase % damaged cells of workers.

Abnormal Psychology; Defining Abnormality

Abnormal Psychology: Assignment 1- Defining abnormality Defining abnormal behaviour is one of the most difficult and provocative subjects within the field of abnormal psychology as there are a range of methodologies you can use to define abnormalities. Abnormality is a behaviour or condition that strays from what society views as normal and appropriate, consequently causing distress or harm to oneself or those around them.Due to the fact that society has changed through history when defining abnormality, we are now able to define abnormalities using many different scientific and non-scientific approaches. However despite the fact that abnormal behaviour can be defined in more than one way, all have their limitations; therefore generally psychologists will use a combination of the following methods when defining abnormalities. Statistical infrequency is one model used to define abnormal behaviour; abnormalities are defined by how often a certain type of behaviour occurs.How the majori ty of people act are usually classed as normal whereas possessing qualities and traits that are uncommon or rare are usually classed as abnormal. Despite the word abnormal invoking a feeling of negativity, displaying abnormal behaviour is not always viewed as a negative, for example the average human being would not be able to run 100 metres as quick as Usain Bolt as that kind of skill is statistically infrequent therefore according to this particular model he possesses an abnormal skill but would not be classed as having a mental disorder or in need of treatment.The major strength when using this model of defining abnormalities is that it is not subject to personal bias as the standards are set and based wholly on statistics and frequencies; how common certain behaviour is and how often it occurs.However there are many limitations when using this model, as mentioned above there are many abnormal traits that are statistically infrequent but socially desirable such as being ambidextr ous, but according to this model they would be classed as having a mental disorder or in need of treatment which is not the case due to the fact they have an uncommon ability, furthermore there are abnormal traits whist being a statistically frequent type of behaviour they are socially undesirable such as depression.Another flaw is the fact that the infrequency of some behaviours differ culturally and sub-culturally as certain behaviours are socially acceptable in some cultures but not in others, also within certain cultures there maybe differences. In some African cultures being able to speak to the dead or hearing voices may be statistically infrequent but displaying these kinds of traits are viewed as a blessing therefore socially desirable whereas in the U.K if you professed to be able to speak with dead people, hearing voices or receiving messages from god you would definitely raise concerns with regards to their mental state as this kind of behaviour is statistically infrequen t and socially undesirable. One way to define abnormalities is a ‘Deviation social norms’. Deviation derives from the word deviant and this is defined as irregular or unusual behaviour, social norms are the standards of acceptable behaviour set by us and society around us.Therefore deviating from the social norm is an individual or individuals who act out of character in accordance to the social norms set by society. A simple example of deviating from the social norm is rudeness or lack of politeness. Politeness is fundamental when interacting and communicating with each other positively; similarly somebody who is rude is therefore behaving in a deviant way as they are unable to interact with others according to what society expects.However as our culture also defines our social norms within society, likewise the norms we value may not be socially accepted within another culture. A good illustration of this is the contrast of social norms is the United Kingdom and place s in the United Arab Emirates like Dubai, regarding public displays of affection. In the U. K we have a more relaxed opinion of public displays of affection; to a certain extent of course, whilst in Dubai it is socially unacceptable even criminal to publicly display affection even in an environment we may deem as socially acceptable such as the beach.One of the most predominant limitations is that defining abnormalities in this way may be susceptible to abuse, as social norms change through history. What may have been acceptable 50 years ago may not be acceptable now and vice versa, for instance in the case of being pregnant out of wedlock in the 1950’s, many women were sectioned and treated for a mental illness, whereas nowadays it is deemed socially acceptable to engage in sex and procreate before marriage without any reprisals or threat of institutionalisation.However if we were to define abnormal behaviour with the single model of deviating from the social norm, professio nals could in turn label everyone that does not conform as mentally ill which is not always the case. ( Szasz 1974, cited in Cardwell and Flanagan, 2008, page 178) Additionally another limitation of defining abnormalities using this characteristic is cultural relativism. As we know the process of defining a deviation from the social norm is majorly influenced by our culture as it is our culture that defines what a particular norm is.For example a psychologist from the United Kingdom may have a diagnosis for an individual displaying abnormal behaviour, such as walking the streets with a gun meanwhile a psychologist in the United States of America may not. Every culture has their own social norms and within those cultures there are sub-cultures that would have their own social norms therefore the cultural relativity; whether it be cross or sub-culturally has to be taken into account when diagnosing somebody’s symptoms as abnormal.Furthermore in the DSM (The Diagnostic and Stati stics Manual) there is a section that describes certain patterns of behaviour and syndromes that are specific to certain areas and places around the world. Psychologists call this ‘culture- bound syndromes’ which means that there are no universal standards when labelling individuals as abnormal, as disorders vary in conjunction to where you and the disorder originate. There is another way to define abnormal behaviour another model is ‘Failure to function adequately’.Failure to function adequately from the sufferer’s point of view manifests itself when they are unable to cope with the daily demands of life such as working, interacting with others meaningfully, therefore labelling their own behaviour as abnormal; resulting in an individual seeking medical attention. David Rosenhan & Martin Seligman (1989) stated that there are a various features of abnormality other than suffering and maladaptiveness. Other features are unconventional behaviour, observ er discomfort, violation of moral standards, loss of control and irrationality.However just displaying one of the above features is of no great significance, it is the presence of several that would define abnormal behaviour. (www. integratedsociopsychology. net) There are further limitations to this model when defining abnormality, as the patient or professional has to recognise the failure to function adequately is apparent, which is opinion based and may differ. For instance an individual may think their maladaptive abnormal behaviour is perfectly normal and they are coping fine, meanwhile not being able to comprehend their inability to cope, sequentially others may find their behaviour very distressing.However someone displaying adaptive, abnormal habits such as Obsessive Compulsive Disorder whilst not posing a threat to themselves or society could still be classified as being abnormal due to unconventional behaviour. Showing signs of distress, irrationality and maladaptive beha viour would usually result in being classed as abnormal but this may not always be the case; for example showing signs of distress such as being depressed may be classed as abnormal behaviour but the individual may feel fine even happy.Again when showing signs of irrationality, you may be causing no harm to professing that you may be Jesus but irrational thoughts about death and killing for instance would raise concern, in turn maladaptive behaviour can be demonstrated when an individual self-harms or mutilates we would class them as portraying abnormal behaviour whereas smoking can be seen as self-harming but not enough criterion to be classed as mentally ill due to maladaptive tendencies.Cultural relativity plays a crucial part in this feature when defining abnormalities as each culture functions in different ways, hence the failure to function needs to be assessed according to their culture. For example, in the United Kingdom dogs are viewed as family members even as companions a nd the harming of, especially eating a dog is a criminal offense punishable by law. Therefore this behaviour would be considered abnormal; whereas in China, dogs are eaten as part of a meal and keeping a dog in the home as a pet would be viewed as abnormal behaviour in China.The standard of one culture cannot be used to judge another as the symptoms and diagnosis are dependent on the cultural ideals and standards upheld by the individual patient. Alternatively another approach used to define abnormal behaviour is ‘Deviating from ideal mental health’. This model uses the similar approach used when detecting physical illness, when diagnosing a physical illness physician’s look for signs of physical health such as regular heartbeat; normal body temperature etc. , so an absence of one of these signs would indicate illness.In 1958, Marie Jahoda through research and secondary evidence developed a theory that if physical illness can be detected by the absence of the sta ndard ‘signs’ of health then alternatively mental health could be also. (en. wikipedia. org) The characteristics she identified as defining someone as being of ‘Ideal Mental Health’ included having an accurate view of reality, integration and ability to deal with stressful situations, capability to grow, develop and adjust, also being able to function at work and hold positive relations even the ability to love.In view of this model it shows that the absence of one the above criteria would indicate an abnormality even a potential mental condition. With all models there are limitations, according to this particular model the majority of people in general would be classed as abnormal or suffering a mental disorder of some kind as most people lack one of the criterion. Marie Jahoda did say that it was the ‘Ideal’ mental health so it would be difficult to gauge the level of abnormality depending on the amount of criterion an individual maybe lackin g.For example someone could be lacking the criterion of personal growth and actualisation resulting in a lack of drive and ambition, but that individual may be completely happy even satisfied regarding the situation; according to Jahoda they would be still viewed as mentally ill rather than just unambitious and lacking motivation. Despite Marie Jahoda using a similar technique used to define physical illness, physical illness have physical causes such as a cough due to contracting a virus whereas being diagnosed as having a mental illness, atients and psychologists are not always presented with physical signs as most mental illnesses derive from trauma in life, for that reason the diagnosis of a mental illness cannot be identified in exactly the same way as a physical illness. Cultural relativism is a compelling limitation as different cultures have different ways of expressing their ‘Ideal’ mental health.For example, according to Jahoda an absence of the criterion of s elf-actualization would indicate the presence of a mental disorder but that is because the western world strives for individuality and acclaim, however some tribal communities in Africa and the Amazon act as a collective and concentrate on working as a group and sharing every aspect of daily life, if the Jahoda criterion was measured against an Amazonian tribe they would be deemed as mentally ill rather than being a caring tightknit community, the cross cultural differences are too much of an dominating factor.The different models described all differ in perspectives. Failure to function adequately focuses on the individual’s sense of abnormal functioning, deviating from social norm concentrates on other people’s perspective and deviating from ideal mental health is an amalgamation of the first two models without taking into account subjective feelings.The classification and definition of abnormal behaviour has many successful approaches but as a single model is not ad equate enough to correctly define abnormalities, although each model definitely gives a good indication, it’s the combination of the described models commonly known as the multi-criteria approach that successfully aids psychologists in correctly defining and diagnosing abnormal behaviour correctly in a patient.References Cardwell, R. Flanagan, C. (2008) Psychology AS: The Complete Companion. Oxford University Press: Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP. Accessed 15. 10. 12 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Marie_Jahoda Accessed 21. 10. 12 http://www. integratedsociopsychology. net/Defining_Abnormality/7'FeaturesofAbnormality'-DavidRosenhan&M. html Accessed 16. 10. 12

Free Essays on Plato And Black Elk

Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† and Black Elk’s â€Å"The Great Vision† each make a case for a particular way of knowing through a vision or higher realm. Black Elk describes a far more detailed version of his own vision as a young child. His experience provides a way of knowing the spiritual world. Plato describes a man imprisoned in a cave who finds a way of knowing and understanding the world through an enlightening experience. Both authors share similar ideas of gaining knowledge at a higher level, but smaller details of their writings show the differences in their positions. In â€Å"Allegory of the Cave,† Plato created a metaphoric story beginning at the far end of a cave, a long way from the outside world where men had lived since childhood with their legs and necks tied up in a way that kept them in one place and only allowed them to look straight ahead. Further up the cave, a fire was burning which allowed minimal lighting. There was a wall between the fire and the men, behind which people carried all sorts of artifacts. The men were only able to see shadows of these artifacts. They did not have any knowledge of definite objects. One of the men was untied and dragged into the sunlight. After his eyes adjusted to the light, he feasted his eyes â€Å"on the heavenly bodies and the heavens themselves.† He was told he was now closer to reality and was seeing more accurately. When the man saw the sun, he deducted that it was â€Å"the source of the seasons and the yearly cycle that the whole of the visible realm is its domain.† Plato called the upward journey the mind’s ascent to the intelligible realm. â€Å"In the realm of knowledge is goodness† which is responsible for everything that is right and fine and â€Å"is the source and provider of truth.† Plato deducted that after visiting the higher realm, one would not want â€Å"to engage in human business† in the lower realm because his mind would rather be in the upper regi... Free Essays on Plato And Black Elk Free Essays on Plato And Black Elk Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† and Black Elk’s â€Å"The Great Vision† each make a case for a particular way of knowing through a vision or higher realm. Black Elk describes a far more detailed version of his own vision as a young child. His experience provides a way of knowing the spiritual world. Plato describes a man imprisoned in a cave who finds a way of knowing and understanding the world through an enlightening experience. Both authors share similar ideas of gaining knowledge at a higher level, but smaller details of their writings show the differences in their positions. In â€Å"Allegory of the Cave,† Plato created a metaphoric story beginning at the far end of a cave, a long way from the outside world where men had lived since childhood with their legs and necks tied up in a way that kept them in one place and only allowed them to look straight ahead. Further up the cave, a fire was burning which allowed minimal lighting. There was a wall between the fire and the men, behind which people carried all sorts of artifacts. The men were only able to see shadows of these artifacts. They did not have any knowledge of definite objects. One of the men was untied and dragged into the sunlight. After his eyes adjusted to the light, he feasted his eyes â€Å"on the heavenly bodies and the heavens themselves.† He was told he was now closer to reality and was seeing more accurately. When the man saw the sun, he deducted that it was â€Å"the source of the seasons and the yearly cycle that the whole of the visible realm is its domain.† Plato called the upward journey the mind’s ascent to the intelligible realm. â€Å"In the realm of knowledge is goodness† which is responsible for everything that is right and fine and â€Å"is the source and provider of truth.† Plato deducted that after visiting the higher realm, one would not want â€Å"to engage in human business† in the lower realm because his mind would rather be in the upper regi...

A Turning Point

Turning Point Singapore is a place full of foreign countries, the fusion of Asian and European culture, scientific growth and opportunities, customs and traditions. When traveling to Singapore for the 2 nd APEC Youth Science Festival, people with diverse backgrounds gathered to meet ideas and insights and gathered artworks filled with cultural colors. After returning to America, I brought stronger cultural awareness, a deeper understanding of the international scientific community, abundant knowledge, and countless lifelong friendships. Perhaps the question you first ask yourself is what is the turning point of history? A dictionary defines a turning point as a point where decisive change occurs. Therefore, the turning point of history is not only important events that occurred long ago. This is a direct (time based) thought, event, or behavior that causes change. This change is social or cultural, and it influences social thinking and behavior. It is political and there is the possi bility of leading to new legislation and new government. It is economical and affects how products are produced, purchased, sold, or how much or how society spends on these items. The turning point may lead to all these changes. Looking back at past events, it is fairly easy to mark various turning points. Individuals may also notice turning points, such as when you meet your best friend, or when you volunteered in India. This symbolic meaning of the turning point was created in the 1640s and there was a more literal meaning less common in about ten years: the point where the opposite direction begins One way to understand how change processes work in the living experience of young carers is to look up turning points (Rutter 1996). Turning point is defined as an important life event or life experience essential for life course. Turning point is an important event of life, they can give front and after structures and can be explained as events of life (Denzin, 1989). The turning poi nt can be understood as plus or minus. They can contain a single episode or cumulative event. They can gradually discover the incident or discover it suddenly. They can be expressed through situational life events such as taking care or through personal subjective experiences such as controlling positive decisions in life. Turning points may also include random events in life (King et al., 2003). What is the difference? Turning point for youth in public care

Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Computers - Essay Example Today, schools, companies, hospitals and factories rely on computers for the various occupational practices. Computers are very essential for scientific research. They open access to many research opportunities. Students can computers to access online journals and books, making it easy to access the information needed. Additionally, the online tutorials and study websites offer explanations on what students and researchers require. On the same note, computers have made it easy for the instructors and the learner to exchange information constantly. Computers have also helped in the communications sector. People use the computers to relay information. Through the internet, people can connect with one another through the computers. The information passes through a very short time. Computers have enhanced efficiency in the information and communication sector, hence reduced time wastage due to immediate feedback. On the opposing side, overdependence on computers has its negative effects which include making people lazy and eliminates the rate at which people think. Additionally, computers pose safety hazards to the users, especially when mishandled. Children use computers to play games, chat and watch movies: this can change their attitudes, reduce reading time and make them intolerant to instructions. They also make people less interactive with others, since they spend several hours on their computers without getting involved in outdoor activities, hence becoming

How does the Islamic religion influence Islamic law Essay

How does the Islamic religion influence Islamic law - Essay Example From the birth to the death, the Muslims across the globe hear the holy sounds of Quran. The holy Quran is regarded as the guide for the lives of all the Muslims across the globe. All Islamic principles and ethics are embedded in it. The finer aspects of Islam and the Islamic Law are ingrained in the holy Quran. The spread of the Islam in this world has been phenomenal. Starting from the cities of the Makkah and Madinah in the Arabian world, the message of the Islam spread at lightning speed. Within 100 years since the death of the Prophet Mohamed, the messages of Islam spread to three continents of the world. In the Western world, the ordinary believe is that that region of Islam has spread at electrifying pace through bloody wars. But this is not true. The sheer appeal of the new Islam religion enticed people to believe in Islamism. The unflinching belief in the existence of One God and the strong emphasis and trust upon His divinity led to large numbers of people embracing Islam. Another important feature of the Islam was that it never adopted the policy to forcefully covert people to Islamism. Even in the modern times, in many Muslim dominated areas in the world, the people of other religions like the Jews and the Christians continued to follow their own religious ideologies.2. Whatsoever, the Islams spread at a rapid pace. The Turks accepted Islamism peacefully. Besides this, many Malay-speaking people and many people in the Indian subcontinent embraced Islamism. Even in many countries in the African and the South American continent, which were under the powerful colonial rulers of the Europe, the Islamism continued to flourish3. It is estimated that the Muslim population throughout the world is in the range 0.7 to 1.8 billion. Nearly one-fourth of the people in the world are adherents of Islam whereas 33% of the world population follows Christianity—by far the largest religion in the world. Given the rising number of followers of Islam, it is estim ated that Muslim will be the largest religion in the world by the middle of the twenty first century4. Indonesia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Nigeria are the most populous Muslim nations. Of the total Muslims in the world, 25% live in the Middle East. In the US, around 6 million people are Muslims5. Living in a multicultural society brings together people from all religious practices, cultures and religions. The impact of law is seen by the different behaviors of people and the consequences they face for their actions. For instance the controversies surrounding headscarves worn by students in Turkish educational institutions and death sentence imparted to women owing to illegal sexual liaisons raise questions in our mind with respect to the origin of such measures or consequences. For the Islamic countries adherence to the Islamic law is important for the social progress in these nations. The administrations are compelled to encounter a disaster of identity and finds its politic al legitimacy challenged such that they will have to alter the principles and the legal structure within the Islamic frame6. The government feels the pressure of incorporating tenets of the Islamic law into the system and therefore some Muslims recommend the realization of the Sharia or the â€Å"Islamization of prevalent law†. The term ‘sharia’ is an Arabic phrase for ‘track’ or ‘road’. â€Å"The term itself actually derives from the noun ‘shara’a’, which reflects the idea of ‘a system of divine law’†7. Susie Steiner (2002), the author of the article ‘

Dumping of Unsafe Products Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 30

Dumping of Unsafe Products - Case Study Example After the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the painkiller dipyrone because it can cause a fatal blood disorder, Winthrop Products continued to sell dipyrone in Mexico City (Shaw et al., 2009, p.34). ‘Made in the USA: Dumped in Brazil, Africa, Ira’ seems to be the business philosophy followed by many of the American product manufacturers. In other words, Americans believe that they have the right to enjoy the benefits of the products they discovered or invented. At the same time, they believe that the harmful effects of these products should be suffered by the rest of the world rather than the Americans. The Holy Bible says that those who take the sword will be killed by the sword. However, Americans have changed this proverb as it is the duty of other innocent people to accept death even though the Americans have done the mistakes. It is ethically wrong to dump potentially hazardous products in third world countries. The producers of the hazardous products sh ould take the responsibility of dumping such products properly in their own country instead of cheating the innocent people in other countries. This paper briefly discusses the ethics or morality of dumping unsafe products in overseas countries by America. One of the reasons cited by Americans to justify the activity of dumping unsafe products in overseas countries is related to humanitarian considerations. â€Å"They say their motives are humanitarian. Because the rate of dying in childbirth is high in Third World countries, almost any birth control device is preferable to none† (Shaw et al., 2009, p.34). The above argument is totally unacceptable. The logic of providing dangerous items for saving the life of some people is indigestible, at least for non-Americans.